Učni načrt predmeta

Predmet:
Kemijska varnost v prehrani - anorganska, organska onesnažila, nanodelci
Course:
Food Chemical Safety - inorganic, organic contaminants, nanoparticles
Študijski program in stopnja /
Study programme and level
Študijska smer /
Study field
Letnik /
Academic year
Semester /
Semester
Ekotehnologije, 3. stopnja 1 1
Ecotechnologies, 3rd cycle 1 1
Vrsta predmeta / Course type
Izbirni / Elective
Univerzitetna koda predmeta / University course code:
EKO3-605
Predavanja
Lectures
Seminar
Seminar
Vaje
Tutorial
Klinične vaje
work
Druge oblike
študija
Samost. delo
Individ. work
ECTS
30 30 30 210 10

*Navedena porazdelitev ur velja, če je vpisanih vsaj 15 študentov. Drugače se obseg izvedbe kontaktnih ur sorazmerno zmanjša in prenese v samostojno delo. / This distribution of hours is valid if at least 15 students are enrolled. Otherwise the contact hours are linearly reduced and transfered to individual work.

Nosilec predmeta / Course leader:
prof. dr. Janez Ščančar
Sodelavci / Lecturers:
prof. dr. Ester Heath , prof. dr. Milena Horvat , izr. prof. dr. Tina Kosjek , prof. dr. Radmila Milačič , doc. dr. Janja Vidmar , izr. prof. dr. Tea Zuliani
Jeziki / Languages:
Predavanja / Lectures:
slovenščina, angleščina / Slovenian, English
Vaje / Tutorial:
slovenščina, angleščina / Slovenian, English
Pogoji za vključitev v delo oz. za opravljanje študijskih obveznosti:
Prerequisites:

Zaključen študij druge stopnje naravoslovne ali tehniške smeri ali zaključen študij drugih smeri z dokazanim poznavanjem osnov s področja kemije in biologije (pisna dokazila, pogovor).

Completed second level studies in natural sciences or engineering or completed second level studies in other fields with proven knowledge of chemistry and biology (certificates, interview).

Vsebina:
Content (Syllabus outline):

Študentje se bodo seznanili z različnimi skupinami organskih ter anorganskih onesnažil v živilih in vse večjo prisotnostjo nove skupine onesnažil, ki jo predstavljajo nanodelci. Podan jim bo pregled obstoječe mednarodne zakonodaje, povezane z vsebnostjo kemijskih onesnažil v hrani. V okviru predmeta bodo študentje spoznali analizne metode ter meroslovne principe, ki zagotavljajo sledljive in primerljive rezultate analiznih metod.

Anorganska onesnažila:
Uvod z osnovami kemijske varnosti v prehrani; Esencialni (kot so npr. Zn, Cu, Fe, Se) in strupeni elementi v sledovih (npr. Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Sn) v hrani, njihovo kroženje v naravi, celotne koncentracije in porazdelitev med posamezne kemijske zvrsti, naravni viri in kontaminacija hrane z anorganskimi onesnažili;
Vzorčenje in analiza vsebnosti anorganskih onesnažil v hrani;
Instrumentalne analizne tehnike določitve celotnih koncentracij ter posameznih kemijskih zvrsti elementov v sledovih v vzorcih hrane (atomska optična in masna spektrometrija ter sklopljene tehnike), kontrola in zagotavljanje kakovosti meritev;
Moderni analizni pristopi v raziskavah kemijske varnosti hrane; izotopski sledilci;
Posamezni elementi v sledovih, njihov biološki pomen, vloga v prehrani, zdravju in bolezni.

Organska onesnažila:
Najpogostejše skupine organskih onesnažil v hrani in njihov izvor; Karakterizacija organskih onesnažil, ki izhajajo iz onesnažene prsti, vode ali zraka; Karakterizacija organskih onesnažil, ki jih vnesemo v hrano med njeno pridelavo, predelavo in pakiranjem; Obstojna in novejša organska onesnažila v hrani;
Vzorčenje; Analizne metode za detekcijo, identifikacijo in kvantitativno določanje organskih onesnažil; Validacja analiznih metod; Sledljivost in primerljivost rezultatov analiznih metod;
Analizne metode, ki temeljijo na uporabi senzorjev: principi delovanja, prednosti in slabosti.

Nanodelci:
Viri kontaminacije hrane z nanodelci
(proizvodnja prehranskih dodatkov in materialov, ki pridejo v stik s hrano, kot so kuhinjska posoda in ovojni materiali). Moderni pristopi v določitvi nanodelcev v vzorcih hrane s poudarkom na potrebi po uporabi različnih komplementarnih tehnik.

The students will obtain the information in relation to different chemical types of pollutants in food, thus the course comprises of topics on inorganic and organic pollutants, and nanoparticles, which are a group of new emerging contaminants. They will be introduced to the relevant international legislation from the field of chemical contaminants in food.
During the course students will also be introduced to analytical methods used to determine chemical contaminants in food and to the metrological principles, which ensure the traceable and comparable results of measurements when different analytical methods are applied.

Inorganic pollutants:
Introduction with basis of food chemical safety; essential (for example Zn, Cu, Fe, Se) and toxic (like Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Sn) trace elements in food, total concentration versus chemical speciation, natural sources and contamination of food with inorganic contaminants
Food sampling and analysis of inorganic contaminants in food;
Instrumental analytical techniques for the determination of total concentration and chemical species of trace elements in food samples (atomic optical, mass spectrometric and hyphenated techniques), quality control and quality assurance of measurements
Modern analytical approaches in investigations of chemical food safety (like isotopic ratio measurements);
Element by element presentation: the biological role of a given trace element in food for health.

Organic pollutants:
Most common groups of organic pollutants in food and their origin; Characterization of organic pollutants originating from contaminated soil, water or air; Characterization of organic pollutants that enter the food during its production, processing and packaging; Persistent and emerging organic pollutants;
Sampling; Analytical methods for detection, identification and quantitation of organic pollutants; Validation analytical methods; Traceability and comparability of the results; Analytical methods based on the use of sensors: principles of operation, advantages and disadvantages.

Nanoparticles:
Sources of food contamination with nanoparticles (food additives and food-contact materials, like kitchen dishes and packing materials). Modern approaches in the determination of nanoparticles in various food samples with the emphasis on the need for the use of different complementary analytical techniques.

Temeljna literatura in viri / Readings:

- D. Watson (2001), Food Chemical Safety, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge CB1 6AH, England, str. 1-12, 37-70, 148-168, 193-217, 263-278, 279-294.
- Food Safety Management: A Practical Guide for the Food Industry, Edited by:Yasmine Motarjemi and Huub Lelieveld, Elsevier Inc. 2014. ISBN: 978-0-12-381504-0
- Persistent Organic Pollutants and Toxic Metals in Foods, 1st Edition, Edited by Martin Rose and Alwyn Fernandes. Elsevier Woodhead Publishing, 2013.
- Pregledni članki s področja, tekoča periodika, spletna stran EU, druga učna gradiva... / Review articles from the field, periodicals, EU website, other educational readings...

Cilji in kompetence:
Objectives and competences:

Izobraževalni cilji: Študentje bodo pridobili znanje o kemijski varnosti v prehrani in poglobili znanje o modernih pristopih v analitiki, raziskavah in zagotavljanju kemijske varnosti prehrane. Poleg tega bodo študentje poglobili znanje o določanju in tveganju, ki ga organska onesnažila predstavljajo v hrani.

Študijski rezultati: Vsebine iz predmeta bodo študentom omogočile razumevanje kompleksnih procesov, povezanih z onesnažili v hrani, ki izvirajo iz pridelave in predelave hrane ter pakiranja.

Educational outcomes: students will gain new knowledge on chemical food safety and deepen their knowledge on modern approaches in analysis, investigations and assurance of chemical food safety. In addition, they will gain knowledge in the determination and importance of organic pollutants in food.

Results: All the above will enable students to understand the complex processes of food contaminants deriving from food production, processing and packaging.

Predvideni študijski rezultati:
Intendeded learning outcomes:

Znanje in razumevanje:
Slušatelji razumejo pomen kemijske varnosti hrane, spoznajo, da je v primeru onesnaženja hrane z anorganskimi in organskimi onesnažili ter nanodelci potrebno znanje, ki vključuje poznavanje kroženja elementov in porazdelitve organskih onesnažil ter nanodelcev v zemlji, vodi in zraku. Pridobijo razumevanje, da je za oceno usode, vloge in učinka elementov v sledovih na živo in neživo naravo bistveno poznati ne samo njihove celotne koncentracije, temveč tudi porazdelitev med njihove različne kemijske zvrsti (speciacijo). Prav tako pridobijo znanje o možnih pretvorbah organskih onesnažil med procesi pridelave, predelave, pakiranja in shranjevanja hrane. Študenti lahko predvidijo, kako uporabiti instrumentalne analizne tehnike, ki omogočajo detekcijo, identifikacijo in kvantitativno določitev elementov v sledovih oz. njihovih posameznih kemijskih zvrsti ter organskih onesnažil in nanodelcev na zelo nizkih koncentracijskih nivojih v vzorcih hrane.
Na podlagi znanja o posameznih najpomembnejših onesnažilih lahko načrtujejo ukrepe za zmanjšanje onesnaženja. Razumejo pomen esencialnosti elementov v sledovih za normalno delovanje fizioloških procesov v živih organizmih in se seznanijo z najpogostejšimi neželenimi učinki oz. pojavom obolenj ali zastrupitev, do katerih privede njihovo neravnotežje (pomanjkanje ali presežek). Pridobijo znanje o potencialnih nevarnostih, ki jih lahko prinaša kontaminacija hrane z obstojnimi in novejšimi organskimi onesnažili, predvsem za najobčutljivejše skupine populacije. Seznanijo se s sistemi kakovosti na področju analitike hrane ter z aktualno zakonodajo, ki predpisuje še varne/dovoljene vnose onesnažil. Pridobljeno znanje o modernih pristopih v analitiki anorganskih in organskih onesnažil ter nanodelcev v hrani lahko inovativno uporabijo v interdisciplinarnih raziskavah zagotavljanja kemijske varnosti hrane.

Knowledge and understanding:
Students understand the importance of chemical food safety for quality of life. They learn that accurate estimation of the contamination of food involves also the use of knowledge on biogeochemical cycling of trace elements and distribution of organic pollutants and nanoparticles in soil, air and water, where for understanding their fate, role and effects on environment and living beings, it is necessary to know both, their total concentrations and distribution between their different chemical species (speciation). In addition, they receive knowledge on possible transformations of organic pollutants during processes of food production, preparation, packaging and storing. Students have been introduced to the frequently used instrumental analytical techniques for the detection, identification and quantitative determination of the total concentration and the speciation of trace elements, organic pollutants and nanoparticles on low concentration levels in food samples and also become aware of the importance of quality assurance and control in measurement process. Hence, at the end of the course they can critically estimate which technique is the optimal for its intended use in practice. Knowledge on the elements, organic pollutants and nanoparticles that are commonly found present as a contaminant of food can be used by participant when adequate measures to avoid contamination of food are planned and safe diet with optimal nutrition is proposed.
Finally, knowing modern approaches of inorganic, organic and nanoparticles food contaminant analysis can help students to use them in innovative way when interdisciplinary investigation in the field of chemical food safety are carried out.

Metode poučevanja in učenja:
Learning and teaching methods:

Predavanja, priprava seminarjev - timsko delo in diskusije.

Lectures. Seminars – team work and discussions.

Načini ocenjevanja:
Delež v % / Weight in %
Assesment:
Seminar
50
Seminar
Ustni izpit
50
Oral exam
Reference nosilca / Lecturer's references:
1. MARKOVIĆ, Stefan, GABRIČ, Maja, ISLAMČEVIĆ RAZBORŠEK, Maša, MILAČIČ, Radmila, ŠČANČAR, Janez. The use of enriched stable isotopic tracers of 50Cr(VI) and 53Cr(III) in a study of Cr speciation in wine and beer. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2022, 108, 104422-1-104422-7 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104422
2. MARKOVIĆ, Stefan, LEVSTEK, Lucija, ŽIGON, Dušan, ŠČANČAR, Janez, MILAČIČ, Radmila. Speciation and bio-imaging of chromium in Taraxacum officinale using HPLC post-column ID-ICP-MS, high resolution MS and laser ablation ICP-MS techniques. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2022, 10, 863387-1-863387-16, DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.863387
3. BAJT, Oliver, MAVRIČ, Borut, MILAČIČ, Radmila, ŠČANČAR, Janez, ZULIANI, Tea, LIPEJ, Lovrenc. Bioaccumulation of organotin compounds in the marbled electric ray (Torpedo marmorata) in the northern Adriatic Sea. Marine pollution bulletin. Jul. 2024, vol. 204, [article no.] 116511, str. 1-7, ilustr. ISSN 1879-3363. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116511.
4. KARDOS, Máté Krisztián, CLEMENT, Adrienne, JOLANKAI, Zsolt, MILAČIČ, Radmila, ŠČANČAR, Janez, HORVAT, Milena, MARKOVIĆ, Katarina, ZOBOLI, Ottavia, et al. Development and testing of an efficient micropollutant monitoring strategy across a large watershed. Science of the total environment. [Online ed.]. Okt. 2024, vol. 948, [article no.] 174760, 1-18 str., ilustr. ISSN 1879-1026. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174760.
5. KOVAČ, Vito, BERGANT, Matic, ŠČANČAR, Janez, PRIMOŽIČ, Jasmina, JAMNIK, Polona, POLJŠAK, Borut. Causation of oxidative stress and defense response of a yeast cell model after treatment with orthodontic alloys consisting of metal ions. Antioxidants. 2022, vol. 11, 1, 1-24, COBISS.SI-ID 91359235]